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Ringer's solution

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Ringer's solution is a solution of several salts dissolved in water for the purpose of creating an <a href="Isotonic_solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotonic solutions">isotonic solution</a> relative to the body fluids of an animal. Ringer's solution typically contains <a href="Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>, <a href="Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">potassium chloride</a>, <a href="Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">calcium chloride</a> and <a href="Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a>, with the last used to buffer the <a href="PH" title="PH">pH</a>. Other additions can include chemical fuel sources for cells, including <a href="Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> and <a href="Dextrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextrose">dextrose</a>, as well as antibiotics and antifungals.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div>

Ringer's solution typically contains <a href="Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">NaCl</a>, <a href="Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">KCl</a>, <a href="Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">CaCl2</a> and <a href="Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">NaHCO3</a>, sometimes with other minerals such as <a href="Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">MgCl2</a>, dissolved in <a href="Distilled_water" title="Distilled water">distilled water</a>. The precise proportions of these vary from species to species, particularly between marine <a href="Osmoconformer" title="Osmoconformer">osmoconformers</a> and <a href="Osmoregulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmoregulator">osmoregulators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

Ringer's solution is frequently administered to human and veterinary patients for intravenous or subcutaneous hydration and to expand the vascular compartment in hypovolemia. It is also use in in vitro experiments on organs or tissues, such as <a href="In_vitro_muscle_testing" title="In vitro muscle testing">in vitro muscle testing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The precise mix of ions can vary depending upon the taxon, with different recipes for birds, mammals, freshwater fish, marine fish, etc.

Ringers solution may also be used for therapeutic purposes, such as <a href="Arthroscopic_lavage" title="Arthroscopic lavage">arthroscopic lavage</a> in the case of <a href="Septic_arthritis" title="Septic arthritis">septic arthritis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> It is used clinically as an <a href="Intravenous_infusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous infusion">intravenous infusion</a> for replacing <a href="Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a> losses and restoring chemical balances when treating isotonic <a href="Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Ringer's solution is named after <a href="Sydney_Ringer" title="Sydney Ringer">Sydney Ringer</a>, who in 1882–1885 determined that a solution perfusing a frog's heart must contain sodium, potassium and calcium salts in a definite proportion if the heart is to be kept beating for long.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> This solution was adjusted further in the 1930s by <a href="Alexis_Hartmann" title="Alexis Hartmann">Alexis Hartmann</a>, who added <a href="Sodium_lactate" title="Sodium lactate">sodium lactate</a> to form <a href="Ringer's_lactate_solution" title="Ringer's lactate solution">Ringer's lactate solution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICU2012-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comm.archive.mbl.edu/BiologicalBulletin/COMPENDIUM/Comp-RGRNotes.html">"COMPENDIA NOTES, PART B: RINGER'S SOLUTIONS"</a>. Marine Biological Laboratory. Retrieved 10 June 2018.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Composition-of-Ringers-Solution_tbl3_229066650">"Table 3. Composition of Ringer's Solution"</a>. Research Gate. Retrieved 10 June 2018.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hydrotherapy.info/en-GB/pages/ringers-solution-uk">"What is Ringer's solution?"</a>. HydroTherapy. Retrieved 10 June 2018.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEsenDikiciDuyguluDericioglu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Esen, Ziya; Dikici, Burak; Duygulu, Ozgur; Dericioglu, Arcan F. (20 Jun 2013). "Titanium–magnesium based composites: Mechanical properties and in-vitro corrosion response in Ringer's solution". Materials Science and Engineering: A. 573: 119–126. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.msea.2013.02.040">10.1016/j.msea.2013.02.040</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11511%2F36093">11511/36093</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSatoYamadaTakedaHattori2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sato, Yusuke; Yamada, Suguru; Takeda, Shigeomi; Hattori, Norifumi; Nakamura, Kae; Tanaka, Hiromasa; Mizuno, Masaaki; Hori, Masaru; Kodera, Yasuhiro (Jan 2018). "Effect of Plasma-Activated Lactated Ringer's Solution on Pancreatic Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo". Annals of Surgical Oncology. 25 (1): 299–307. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1245%2Fs10434-017-6239-y">10.1245/s10434-017-6239-y</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29139022">29139022</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118485">118485</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHongpaisanRoomans1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hongpaisan, J.; Roomans, G. M. (3 Mar 1999). "Retaining ionic concentrations during in vitro storage of tissue for microanalytical studies". Journal of Microscopy. 193 (3): 257–267. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2818.1999.00461.x">10.1046/j.1365-2818.1999.00461.x</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10199004">10199004</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20969681">20969681</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318338747">"Clinical Management of Septic Arthritis in a Sheep: A Case Report"</a>. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 5 (6): 267–270. July 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShinjoNakataShinoHamada2002" class="citation journal cs1">Shinjo, Hirotaka; Nakata, Ken; Shino, Konsei; Hamada, Masayuki; Nakamura, Norimasa; Mae, Tatsuo; Miyama, Takahide; Horibe, Shuji; Yoshikawa, Hideki; Ochi, Takahiro (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0736-0266%2802%2900062-1">"Effect of irrigation solutions for arthroscopic surgery on intraarticular tissue: comparison in human meniscus-derived primary cell culture between lactate Ringer's solution and saline solution"</a>. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 20 (6): 1305–1310. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0736-0266%2802%2900062-1">10.1016/S0736-0266(02)00062-1</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12472244">12472244</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1865/smpc">"Ringers Solution for Infusion"</a>. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Retrieved 10 June 2018.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHille1984" class="citation book cs1">Hille, Bertil (1984). Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes. Sunderland, Mass. 01375: Sinauer Associates, Inc. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87893-322-8</bdi>.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (link)

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMiller2004" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, David J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1664856">"Sydney Ringer; physiological saline, calcium and the contraction of the heart"</a>. <a href="The_Journal_of_Physiology" title="The Journal of Physiology">The Journal of Physiology</a>. 555 (3): 585–587. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fjphysiol.2004.060731">10.1113/jphysiol.2004.060731</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1664856">1664856</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14742734">14742734</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-ICU2012-12"><a href="#cite_ref-ICU2012_12-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarinoSutin2012" class="citation book cs1">Marino, Paul L.; Sutin, Kenneth M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RAk9ai42yjMC&pg=PT363">The ICU Book</a> (3 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 363. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781451161557</bdi>.</cite>

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